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Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place, from expecting all males to engage in same-sex relationships, to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. In a 1976 study, Gwen Broude and Sarah Greene compared attitudes towards and frequency of homosexuality in the ethnographic studies available in the Standard cross-cultural sample. They found that out of 42 communities: homosexuality was accepted or ignored in 9; 5 communities had no concept of homosexuality; 11 considered it undesirable but did not set punishments; and 17 strongly disapproved and punished. Of 70 communities, homosexuality was reported to be absent or rare in frequency in 41, and present or not uncommon in 29.〔Gwen J. Broude and Sarah J. Greene, "Cross-Cultural Codes on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices", ''Ethnology'', Vol. 15, No. 4 (Oct., 1976), pp. 409-429.〕〔Broude, Gwen J., and Sarah J. Greene, (1980). "Cross-Cultural Codes on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices", In: ''Cross-Cultural Samples and Codes''. Herbert Barry III and Alice Schlegel, eds. pp. 313-334. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.〕 It was frequent in ancient Greece. However, in later cultures influenced by Abrahamic religions, the law and the church established sodomy as a transgression against divine law or a crime against nature. Many historical figures, including Socrates, Lord Byron, Edward II, and Hadrian,〔''Roman Homosexuality'', Craig Arthur Williams, p.60〕 have had terms such as ''gay'' or ''bisexual'' applied to them; some scholars, such as Michel Foucault, have regarded this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary social construct of sexuality foreign to their times, though others challenge this.〔Thomas K. Hubbard, Review of David M. Halperin, ''How to Do the History of Homosexuality.'' in ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'' 2003.09.22〕 A common thread of constructionist argument is that no one in antiquity or the Middle Ages experienced homosexuality as an exclusive, permanent, or defining mode of sexuality. John Boswell has countered this argument by citing ancient Greek writings by Plato, which describe individuals exhibiting exclusive homosexuality. ==The Americas== Among indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European colonization, a common form of same-sex sexuality centered around the figure of the Two-Spirit individual. Typically this individual was recognized early in life, given a choice by the parents to follow the path and, if the child accepted the role, raised in the appropriate manner, learning the customs of the gender the individual had chosen. Two-Spirit individuals were commonly shamans, and were revered as having powers beyond those of ordinary shamans. Their sexual life was with the ordinary tribe members of the same sex. Homosexual and transgender individuals were also common among other pre-conquest civilizations in Latin America, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, Quechuas, Moches, Zapotecs, and the Tupinambá of Brazil. The Spanish conquerors were horrified to discover sodomy openly practiced among native peoples, and attempted to crush it out by subjecting the ''berdaches'' (as the Spanish called them) under their rule to severe penalties, including public execution, burning and being torn to pieces by dogs.〔Mártir de Anglería, Pedro. (1530). ''(Décadas del Mundo Nuevo )''. Quoted by Coello de la Rosa, Alexandre. "Good Indians", "Bad Indians", "What Christians?": The Dark Side of the New World in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557), ''Delaware Review of Latin American Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 2, 2002.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of homosexuality」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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